Pollution indices and biotests as useful tools for the evaluation of the degree of soil contamination by trace elements

Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was calculation geochemical, ecological, and ecotoxicological indices for assessment risk resulting from presence trace metals in soil. Methods Around 320 soil points were determined tests by regular square-grid method with a square side equal to 7.5 km. A total 11 used, including 6 geochemical indices, 1 index assessing potential ecological risk, 4 ecotoxicity. Results Two groups elements distinguished. first one included Ni, Cr, Cu. calculated generally indicated their natural content low degree contamination them that elements’ sources connected processes. second group Cd, Pb, Zn. These occur high concentrations studied area, which is influenced both anthropogenic factors. However, these heterogeneous Małopolska observed its northwestern part. PCA showed Cd Pb had greatest effect on pose threat environment. Heterocypris incongruens proved be more sensitive indicator ecotoxicity compared plant tests. biotests most samples Conclusion key effective combined use allows comprehensive monitoring quality.